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00:00:00 – 00:51:12
The video explores Thomas Michael Scanlon's philosophical work "What We Owe to Each Other," a key element in the TV show "The Good Place," focusing on ethics, morality, and contractualism. The importance of reasoning in moral judgments is highlighted, stressing that moral claims are not necessarily tied to a metaphysical realm. Scanlon's view challenges absolutism in morality while emphasizing reasoned judgments about right and wrong. The discussion extends to Skellen's unique form of contractualism and contrasts Kant's categorical imperative. The role of desires versus reasons in guiding moral behavior is debated, with an emphasis on reasons. The video touches on the relationship between well-being, values, and moral principles, rejecting a singular notion of well-being. Finally, a commitment to explore complex chapters thoroughly is expressed, ending with encouragement for viewer engagement.
00:00:00
In this part of the video, the reviewer introduces a philosophical work heavily referenced in the TV show “The Good Place” called “What We Owe to Each Other” by Thomas Michael Scanlon. The book is described as a key element in the show’s storyline and has been featured prominently throughout the series. Scanlon started working on the book in 1979 and published it in 1998. The book focuses on ethics and the narrow field of morality concerning our duties to other people, including aid, prohibiting harm, killing coercion, and deception. Scanlon’s contractualism in the book defends the idea of moral obligations towards others. The reviewer mentions the importance of understanding the differences in interpretations of contractualism in philosophy and emphasizes that Scanlon’s version is unique. The segment concludes with a discussion of the book’s argument that certain actions are inherently wrong, prompting a deeper exploration of moral judgment.
00:05:00
In this segment of the video, the speaker discusses the nature of judgments, distinguishing between observable, empirical judgments like fish breathing underwater and more complex judgments of right and wrong. They explain how determining the wrongness of an action, such as stealing, involves more than just empirical observation. The speaker emphasizes that moral judgments cannot be straightforwardly understood as factual claims and that they require more than just our senses to be perceived. The video focuses on the concept that judgments about right and wrong can be evaluated for truth or falsity through reasoning rather than mere observation. The main goals of the book discussed in the video are to explore the kind of reasoning involved in moral judgments and to argue that recognizing an action as morally wrong provides a strong reason not to engage in it, often outweighing other considerations or values.
00:10:00
In this segment of the video, the speaker discusses the concept of dualism in ethics, which arises when judgments about right and wrong are viewed as being of a different nature compared to judgments about physical reality. Dualism suggests that moral claims come from another realm or substance, leading some to believe that morality comes from God. The speaker argues that moral claims can be true or false without needing to be dualists. They highlight that providing reasons for moral judgments is crucial, unlike empirical claims such as identifying a fish with scales. The importance lies in characterizing the reasoning behind moral judgments rather than focusing on the metaphysical origins of these claims.
00:15:00
In this part of the video, the speaker discusses the practical aspect of metaphysical inquiry into moral claims. They explain that the purpose of such inquiry is to provide reasons for doing or not doing certain actions. The speaker challenges the belief that ethical claims need to be metaphysically real to have objective truth and rejects the idea that the reason-giving force of moral judgments comes from their metaphysical reality. They argue that having a metaphysical realm for moral claims does not inherently give them motivational power. The speaker also references David Hume’s idea that moral claims cannot be derived from empirical facts, highlighting the need to look for reasons to act elsewhere.
00:20:00
In this segment of the video, Scanlon argues that claims about right and wrong are not about the metaphysical reality but are judgments of reasons for accepting or rejecting principles under certain conditions. The methodology for determining if an action is right or wrong depends on whether the reasons behind the action can reasonably be rejected by others. Scanlon’s approach avoids absolutism in morality but still acknowledges that some actions, like wanton killing, may be considered universally wrong based on principles that cannot be reasonably rejected. This view does not reject our first-order moral beliefs but challenges us to examine if we have good reasons to hold them, allowing for independence from potentially mistaken beliefs.
00:25:00
In this segment of the video, the speaker discusses the nature of moral claims and how they can be evaluated for truth or falsehood. They argue that morality should not rely on mystical authority but can be assessed through reasons that most can agree on. The importance of correct moral judgments is highlighted in guiding behavior and decision-making. The concept of Skel’s view is introduced, emphasizing that actions are deemed wrong based on rejectable reasons. The argument against circular reasoning in moral objections is presented, with a focus on justifications for actions affecting others. The idea of contractualism is introduced, suggesting that we owe our reasons for actions to each other, forming the basis of moral agreements or disagreements within society.
00:30:00
In this segment of the video, the speaker discusses the role of reason in differentiating between acceptable and rejectable principles in establishing morality. They highlight a unique form of contractualism proposed by Skellen that focuses on giving reasons for actions, rather than self-interest. Skellen’s version emphasizes facing the possibility of being wrong and changing views, even if it goes against self-interest. This form of contractualism aligns more closely with a consent theory of morality, similar to Kant’s categorical imperative, where moral acts are dictated by reason rather than agreements with others. Kant’s perspective differs by emphasizing that morality is independent of agreements and should be followed even if alone on a desert island.
00:35:00
In this segment of the video, the speaker discusses a show called “The Last Man on Earth” where the protagonist initially lives without moral norms until he meets a woman who challenges him on ethical issues like parking in a handicapped space. The discussion transitions into contrasting ideas between Kant’s views on moral reasoning with Skell’s view on moral judgment influenced by social interactions. Skell argues that moral judgments are based on relationships and interactions with others, not solely rational principles. Furthermore, he reconsiders his earlier stance on morality deriving from desire rather than reason. Skell’s theory rejects the notion of moral motivation solely arising from reasons and emphasizes the importance of external factors and social relationships in determining moral standards.
00:40:00
In this segment of the video, the speaker discusses the concept of desire and its role in motivating moral actions. The speaker challenges the idea that desires are necessary for moral justifications, highlighting that reasons, not desires, drive effective moral claims. The speaker gives examples of how people can act morally without a strong desire to do so, emphasizing that reasons, such as strong moral principles, can be the primary motivator for actions. The speaker also references situations like dealing with depressed individuals or addressing societal issues like slavery to illustrate that actions can be driven by reasons rather than desires. Overall, the discussion focuses on the importance of reasons over desires in guiding moral behavior.
00:45:00
In this part of the video, the speaker discusses the importance of using reasons to explain moral claims rather than desires. The video explains how reasons, values, and well-being are crucial concepts in assessing moral principles. It delves into the notion of well-being as a master value and challenges the idea that all values should be promoted based solely on well-being. The speaker argues against the notion of a single notion of well-being and emphasizes the need to consider external reasons alongside internal reasons for moral actions. The video outlines the book’s structure, with the first part focusing on reasons and values, and the second part delving into right and wrong, including discussions on contractualism and moral relativism.
00:50:00
In this part of the video, the speaker mentions the challenge of covering long chapters spanning 30 to 40 pages each, indicating that some chapters may require two or three videos. They express commitment to honoring this task diligently, understanding it will be a massive effort that will require time. The speaker thanks viewers for their support and encourages subscribing, sharing, and viewing other videos. They end by mentioning starting the first chapter next week.